Neonatal Medicine: CPAP and Ventilation in Neonatal Respiratory Distress

You are reviewing Nathan, a 12 hour old neonate with respiratory distress. He is 37 weeks gestation and was born by caesarean section following failure to progress. The oxygen saturation is 94% in 50% FiO2, the respiratory rate is 80. There is moderate intercostal recession and an occasional grunt. Your hospital participated in the â€Å"bubbles for babies† trial and you have just started to use CPAP in your unit now the trial is finished. Your registrar suggests using CPAP on this neonate, but the nursing staff have called you to arrange transfer. Questions: Would you use CPAP or ventilate and transfer this neonate? Please give reasons for your choice with reference to the current literature. In your answer you should also consider the following main points: †¢ the benefits of CPAP over ventilation, particularly with reference to your current practice environment †¢ the potential complications of CPAP †¢ reasons why ventilation may be required even though CPAP is in situ. The baby Nathan is suffering from Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, which is a condition most often seen in newborn babies and is characterized by a difficulty in breathing.   The condition more frequently develops in prematurely born babies as their lungs are not fully developed.   The lubricant that lines the inner membranes of the lungs (known as ‘surfactant’) is deficient, thus causing difficulty in inflating the lungs and resulting in the air sacs collapsing. Surfactant helps to lower the surface tension of water that is present on the alveoli, thus helping to prevent the lung sacs from collapsing.   Usually, the condition develops in infants born before the 38 week.   The baby is cyanosed and has difficulty in breathing.   The accessory muscles of respiration are active and a frequent grunting sound is heard.   The other symptoms that may be observed include nasal flaring, shallow breathing, swollen legs, unusual movement of the chest wall, etc. The infant may be hypoxic and the CO2 levels in the blood rise.   The symptoms usually develop at birth, or a little while after birth.   The symptoms tend to worsen and may progress to respiratory failure and death.   As the prematurity increases, so does the chance of developing this condition.   This is because surfactant is produced only during the later stages of gestation in the infant.   The diagnosis of RDS in babies is made based on the history, presence of certain risk factors, Chest X-ray, Blood tests, CSF studies, lung tests, blood gas analysis, etc (Greene, 2007 & Merck, 2005). When a neonatal is born, certain signs are observed which include:- a heart rate between 110 to 150 beats per minute a respiratory rate between 40 to 70 breathes per minute absence of cyanosis, nasal flaring, grunting sounds, forceful use of accessory muscles during respiration, etc Oxygen saturation which is about 95 % the P ao2 is higher than 50 % the FiO2 is about 40 to 50 % (CCM, 2007, NGC, 2008, & Millar et al, 2004) Previously, for the treatment of RDS, ventilatory support was utilized.   This may be utilized if the blood carbon dioxide levels are high, the blood oxygen levels are low, and if acidosis sets in.   To some extent ventilation helps to reduce the infant mortality rate arising from RDS, but the morbidity to develop Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (a condition characterized by oedema of the air sacs and of the connective tissues due to persistent inflammation) is high as the young neonatal lungs are damaged from ventilation. One of the treatments that have been developed in order to overcome the limitations of ventilation is Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP).   This is an advanced form of therapy in which the upper and the lower airways receive a continuous distending pressure through the infant’s pharynx and/or nose throughout the respiratory cycle.   An endotracheal tube can also be utilized.   The device is connected to a gas source that provides humidified warm air continuously (NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004, Tidy, 2007). CPAP has several benefits including:- helps to maintain a normal breathing pattern helps to arrive at normal functional residual capacity helps to lower any airway resistance in the upper respiratory tract helps to prevent development of apnea prevents the airways and the air sacs from collapsing helps stimulate release of surfactant helps to increase the lung volume and lung function After expiration, CPAP helps to keep the air sacs open The chances of developing lung trauma such as barotrauma and atelectotrauma are lesser (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004). CPAP is required in several situations that arise from RDS including:- When it is difficult to maintain the Pa02 above 50 %. When the respiratory rate is above 70 breathes per minute Excessive use of the accessory muscles of respiration The oxygen saturation falls to between 90 to 95 % The presence of apnea It can be utilized along with administration of surfactant that develops out of the   Ã‚  need to treat RDS (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004). As the patient is not suffering from a severe form of RDS and the oxygen saturation levels have not dropped to a serious extent, ventilatory support is not required, and the patient can be treated with CPAP.   Besides, the findings do not suggest that the patient is suffering from a cardiovascular complication, an upper respiratory tract abnormality or intractable apneic episodes.   Along with CPAP, several other measures are required such as using larger nasal prongs, ensuring that the baby is in a prone position and keeping a towel below the neck.   This helps to ensure that the certain areas are aerated better (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004). CPAP has several complications including:- mucous from the upper respiratory tract may block the nasopharyngeal tube that delivers CPAP Sometimes blockages may result in the pressure rising to higher levels in the tube If the peak pressure is very high, then gastric complications can develop The nasopharyngeal tube has to be placed in exact position.   Any deviation from the position can result in fluctuation of the air pressure The nasal devices may be swallowed or aspirated resulting in severe complications Sometimes harnesses may be utilized to place the head and the neck in position.   This may cause serious dermatological and musculoskeletal complications in the infant Air leakage problems in the lungs Abdominal distention Decrease in the cardiac output Higher working of breathing pneumothoraces and air embolism can also develop Cardiac monitoring needs to be performed more closely in the case of CPAP compared to ventilation often air leaks from the nose and the mouth it may be very difficult to control the air press ure in the lower airways If CPAP is applied to an infant with normal lungs, several problems can develop Several respiratory complications such as pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and pneumopericardium can develop (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004, Halamek et al, 2006) References: California College of Midwives (20080, Guidelines for Assessing the Neonate, [Online], Available: http://www.collegeofmidwives.org/Standards_2004/Standards_MBC_SB1950/Assess_HealthyNeonate_Oct2004_OOO.htm [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2]. Greene, A. (2007), Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, [Online], Available: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001563.htm [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2]. Halamek, L. P. Et al (2006), Continuous Positive Airway Pressure During Neonatal Resuscitation, Clin Perinatol, 33, pp. 83-98. http://www.mdconsult.com/das/article/body/91421747-3/jorg=journal&source=MI&sp=16080552&sid=690389052/N/525142/s0095510805001235.pdf?issn=0095-5108 Millar, D., & Kirpalani, H. (2004), Benefits of Non Invasive Ventilation, Indian Pediatrics, 41, pp. 1008-1017. http://www.indianpediatrics.net/oct2004/oct-1008-1017.htm NGC (2008), Complete Summary, [Online], Available: http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=6516&nbr=4085, [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2]. Sehgal A. Et al (2003), Improving Oxygenation in Preterm Neonates with Respiratory Distress, [Online], Available: http://www.indianpediatrics.net/dec2003/1210.pdf, [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2]. The Merck Manual (2005). Respiratory Distress Syndrome, [Online], Available: http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec19/ch277/ch277h.html, [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2]. Tidy, C. (2006), Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), [Online], Available: http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40000462/, [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2].

Existing Direct Tax System and Proposed Direct Tax Code in India Essay

Tax is defined as a compulsory payment made to the government by the individuals firms and companies without any expectation of a direct return. In general there are two types of tax system prevailing in our country. One is direct tax and other is indirect tax. Here we will restrict our discussion to direct tax only. Direct taxes are those the burden of which cannot be shifted, that is incidence and impact is on the same person. In India the tax law is governed by the finance act. The amendments are brought through budget every year which is issued on the last date of February. There have been various arguments in regard to the complexity of the tax laws. The new tax system which is proposed basically focuses on the principle of equality and simplicity. Instead of having different explanations of tax laws under different umbrellas all the laws will be brought under one head. The new tax system will be highly focused on the matter that the richer should pay heavier tax and vice-versa. For this regard the exemption limit and tax slabs will be expanded higher. Moreover under new taxation laws various taxes like securities transaction tax will also be abolished thus making the code an efficient one. With the new tax code being implemented in India one can expect to have free trade across the length and breadth of the country and peace in the bags of investors. Thus, the new tax system is an attempt to create a system with minimum loopholes of the existing system, thus contributing to the national benefit.

Romeo and Juliet v. West Side Story

When Pyramus and Thisbe first went on their rendezvous in the woods, they never would have imagined that they would be the template on which many romantic stories are built. The story of the ill-fated lovers, as told in the Metamorphosis by Ovid, is one that has stood the test of time and became the story authors like William Shakespeare, song writers like Bethany Cosentino and directors like Jerome Robbins have used to express forbidden love, misunderstanding and loss. These elements of story have resonated over the ages with audiences due to our desire to love and be oved so much that we would do the most extreme things.Teenagers, especially, latch on to these story elements due to the inclusion of authority fgures who misunderstand their ability to have true, grown-up feelings (Flanagan). The story of Pyramus and Thisbe begins with two families sharing a wall in a duplex. One family has a daughter and one a son. Both are forbidden to see each other, but as most teen-agers do, they find a way around their parents. Through a crack in the wall too small to even fit their lips, the two best looking people in all of Babylon confess their love.Unable to wait for their parents to give consent, the two decide on a time and place to meet, in the woods, near the mulberry bush with white flowers. Thisbe arrived before Pyramus and while waiting spotted a lioness fresh from the hunt with blood dripping from her teeth and gums. Frightened, she ran away to the nearest cave and in the process, lost her shawl where the lioness tore it to shreds. When Thisbe arrived seeing what seemed to be a horrible scene of his true love's viscous demise, he is overcome with guilt. If only he had arrived sooner.If only he had been there to protect his Thisbe. To punish himself, Pyramus thrusts his dagger into his gut and bleeds to death. Thisbe, feeling brave, came out of the cave to find her lover. In seeking him she finds him dead by his own hand. Thisbe is distraught at a life lived wit hout him and plunges the knife into her heart and dies by his side. Both of their thick, red blood poured onto the roots of the mulberry bush, turning the flowers from white to red, which is how they are still today. The last line of the poem states that â€Å"The gods and parents heard her prayer, and they were stirred. Ovid)† suggesting that both parents were made aware of the death of their hildren and are stirred in their hearts. If only they had allowed the ill-fated loves to be together, they would still be alive. William Shakespeare took the poem of Pyramus and Thisbe and built on it to create Romeo and Juliet, the quintessential love story upon which so many others are copied. Romeo and Juliet come from warring families, the Capulets and Montegues. For years these families have fought and brought discord to the sweet town of Verona. Just as Pyramus and Thisbe, the children of these feuding families would not be allowed to be together.They meet by chance at a masquerad e ball hosted by the arents of Juliet, the Capulets. Romeo and his friends were looking to crash the party and shake up the evening a bit. Romeo is out of sorts because he has had a dream where something goes very wrong and he cannot figure out what it is. When Romeo instantly in love. There is a bit of concern when they first discover the true identity of the other, but a whispering on a balcony dulls that concern and they only want to be together, no matter what. Romeo and Juliet are married in secret, figuring that in time their parents will be fine with it. That does not turn out to be the case.Romeo is anished and Juliet is set to marry another. With a little help from the conniving priest, Juliet sends Romeo a letter explaining that she is going to take a poison that makes it look like she is dead when she is really only sleeping. As it always is with ill- fated lovers, Romeo never gets the message. He is told that Juliet is dead and not knowing any better, he goes to her tomb to see for himself. There he kills himself so that he can be with his love for the eternities. When Juliet wakes from her death-like sleep and discovers Romeo dead by his own hand, she takes his dagger and kills herself as well.When both sets of parents learn the truth of their love and marriage and now their deaths, they are distraught. In similitude of the families of Pyramus and Thisbe, they are then condemned to live their lives with the knowledge that had they been more open-minded, their children would be alive and well. Like Romeo and Juliet, West Side Story is story about ill-fated lovers, misunderstanding and loss. West Side Story was a highly acclaimed musical that showed on Broadway in 1957 and was made into an award winning movie musical in 1961. The similarities between the play of Romeo and Juliet and the musical of WestSide Story are striking, but so are the differences. West Side Story is about two gangs in the streets of New York in the 1950's: the Jets and the Sha rks. The Sharks are Puerto Ricans, new to America and looking to make a home for themselves. The Jets are looking to keep their streets white and get the Sharks to leave. In the middle of these two warring factions are Maria, sister to Bernarndo, the head of the Sharks and Tony, best friend to Riff, the head of the Jets. Just like Romeo, Tony has a dream; however, Tony's dream is full of inspiration as e feels that the dream is telling him that something wonderful is on the horizon.Riff tries to get Tony to tell more about the dream, but Tony can only remember that he feels like something big is about to happen to him. On that note, Riff convinces Tony to go to a dance and maybe meet the girl of his dreams. Maria and Tony meet at that dance, Just like Romeo and Juliet. When they see each other, all the contention around them fades as they fall in love with each other at first sight. Instead of a balcony scene, the whisperings of love and future happiness happen on a New York City fi re escape.Maria and Tony keep their secret love to themselves until they can find the perfect time to tell their friends and family that they want to be together. Unfortunately, their hands are forced when a rumble between the Sharks and Jets gets out of hand. Tony promises Maria that he will go and stop the fighting, but when Riff is stabbed by Bernardo, Tony stabs Bernardo in a fit of rage killing the brother of his love. At first Maria is angry and does not understand the event, but eventually she tells Tony to not turn himself in and they will run away together.Tony goes to the soda shop to ide from the Sharks and to wait for Maria to meet him at the bus stop. Maria is detained from leaving for the bus stop by one of the local beat cops. She asks her friend, Bernardo's girlfriend, to get a message to Tony. Anita does not want shop. The Jets are at the soda shop getting ready for more fghting with the Sharks when Anita shows up. She tries to get to see Tony, but the Jets won't le t her through. They treat her very badly and out of frustration she tells them to tell Tony that Maria is dead, killed by one of the Sharks in retaliation for her involvement with Tony.When Tony hears that Maria is dead, he is so distraught he goes looking for a fight hoping that one of the Sharks will kill him. He finds Geno, the boy that was arranged to marry Maria by her brother, and taunt him until he finally shoots Tony. Just as Tony grabs for his abdomen, he sees Maria and knows that she is alive. He is relieved to know that she is alive and dies in her arms. Maria, blames the death of her true love on the hatred of the two gangs, Just as parents of Romeo and Juliet and Pyramus and Thisbe are to blame for the deaths of their children, due to their hatred and closed-mindedness.These stories set the stage for so many more. Stories where the audience hopes that the others will realize the truth before it is too late. One such story is the move, â€Å"An Affair to Remember† directed by Leo McCarey and starring Cary Grant as Nickie Ferrante and Deborah Kerr as Terry McKay. This story has these two individuals meeting on a boat trip from Europe to New York in a time when that is how people traveled. They meet up several times on the ship and decide to disembark in Villefranche-sur-Mer to visit Nickle's grandmother. On this trip, Nickie realizes that he has very strong feelings for Terry.Unfortunately, both are already involved with other people. They decide that in 6 months they will meet at the top of the Empire State Building if they are each free of the current entanglements. Nickie waits for hours on the Empire State Building but Terry does not show. Disappointed and rejected, he leaves to continue his life without the woman he truly loves. Little does Nickie know, Terry, on her way to the meeting place, is hit by a car and badly injured. She is confined to a wheelchair. Not wanting anyone's pity, she does not contact Nickie to explain what happened .After some time both characters et back together with their ex's. At a chance meeting at the ballet, Nickie and Terry see each other, but he does not notice that she is unable to walk as she is seated in her seat. Sometime later, Nickie tracks down Terry and goes to visit her. She remains on the couch with her legs under a blanket. Nickie has no idea of what has happened to her. The audience is left wishing she would Just move the blanket and tell the truth so they can confess their love to each other. Luckily, Nickie notices a wheelchair in the bedroom along with a painting of his of the place where they met.He moves the blanket and realizes what has happened and they embrace, with Terry stating, â€Å"If you can paint, I can walk; anything can happen, don't you think (An Affair to remember)? † This story leaves the audience satisfied and happy. The song â€Å"Our Deal† by Best Coast also has the Romeo and Juliet theme of star- crossed lovers bent on destruction. The video, directed by Drew Barrymore, has warring gangs, the Day Trotter and the Night Creepers tagging up the streets of Los Angeles. A girl from the Night Creepers, Veronica, meets and falls in love with a boy from the Day Trotters, Lucky.They secretly steal away time to be together and confess their love. A gang fght leaves the Night Creepers beat up and a rumble to retaliate is away with her. In response, he spray paints on a wall, â€Å"l Can't†¦ (Best Coast – Our Deal video)† Lucky goes behind the corner of the wall and Veronica runs away. When they meet again it is at the rumble. Angry and hurt, Veronica punches Lucky in the face causing him to lose his balance and fall off the roof of a building down do his certain death. Upon seeing what she has done, Veronica runs down to him. She looks up and see the rest of the message tagged on the wall, â€Å"†¦ it to spend the rest of my life with you (Our Deal)† Veronica, crying looks down at Lucky only t o see him die in her arms. We can see how these stories connect through the commonality of love, loss and misunderstanding. Pyramus misunderstands the bloody shawl and assumes his love is dead and so kills himself. Romeo, having not received Juliet's message, misunderstands the death-like sleep of his true love and kills himself, which in turn, causes Juliet to kill herself. Tony, after receiving the wrong message about Maria, goes out looking for someone to kill him to relieve him of the pain of losing his lover.Likewise, Veronica accidentally kills her love, Lucky, after misunderstanding his message. The only difference in the stories presented here is the one of Nickie and Terry, where misunderstanding and lack of information causes Nickie to come to the wrong conclusion about Terrys absence on the Empire State Building, but in the end of the film, they resolve the issue and assume a happy ending. One would argue that these elements of love, loss and misunderstanding resonate ove r the years with audiences because we can all relate to these feelings.Teenagers, specially, can relate to a love that seems so overwhelming because it is the focus of much of adolescent life (Appleton). The inclusion of forces like parents or friends preventing that love is also one that teenagers can relate with. Many teenagers feel that the only purpose of an adult or authority fgure is to thwart their happiness. This component makes it easy to blame the parents in both Pyramus and Thisbe and Romeo and Juliet. When we do not receive a happy ending, we want to place that blame on someone and who better to place that on than the friends and family who prevented the love from flourishing?

British American Tobacco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

British American Tobacco - Essay Example It is documented that the company was formed in 1902 by joining Imperial Tobacco Company of United Kingdom with American Tobacco Company of USA. The resulting company was then referred to as the British-American Tobacco Company Ltd. The name later changed to British American Tobacco plc which immediately began earnest diversification in countries all over the world except the United Kingdom and USA, the parent countries. This essay attempts to present a critical appraisal of the strategies adopted by BAT since 2003, an analysis of its environment of operation as well as an evaluation of its potential to remain a major player in the global tobacco business. There is also a brief conclusion given at the end of the essay. Since the year 2003, British American Tobacco Company put in place significant strategic initiatives which saw it grow from a regional company to a global conglomerate. To attain its current status, BAT employed a myriad of strategies. At the outset, the tobacco company decided to grow organically by increasing its market share in existing markets and also through entering new markets. This strategy required BAT to increase its market penetration in the tobacco industry while at the same time observing cost efficiency. Interestingly enough, organic growth was reportedly very successful though with enormous cost implications. To this effect, BAT managed to increase organic sales volumes of its four main brands namely Dunhill, Kent, Pall Mall and Lucky Strike (as cited in Lee and Collin, 2006). Additionally, these top brands are reported to have seen an increase of 8% in volumes in 2003 as indicated in Lee and Collin (2006) with further expectations of even better performance in 2005. This projection in growth by volume was indicative of some organic growth especially in the face of difficult situations in some key markets (Lee and Collin, 2006). On the other hand, to enhance its diversification programme, British American Tobacco went into partnership with R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company on 11 June 2006 to manufacture Camel brand of cigarettes in Sweden. This marked part of the company's strategy of growth through careful acquisitions as well as some organic growth and share exchanges in the long term to realise high single figure earnings (Glantz, 2000). For this reason financially attractive mergers and acquisitions were concluded in close succession to provide BAT with growth opportunities. A land mark acquisition came in 2003 when BAT acquired Ente Tabacchi Italiani, Italy's state tobacco company, thereby elevating BAT to the number two slot in Italy. This acquisition had come on the heels of an earlier one of Rothmans International in 1999 which had some presence in Burma (Glantz, 2000). Finally, in 2008 BAT acquired Turkey's state-owned cigarette maker Tekel (as cited in Glantz, 2000). In my commends about organic growt h for BAT, its veracious appetite for market penetration raised a lot of criticism from human rights groups particularly with the Rothmans International hence forcing BAT to sell its share of the factory in 2003 purportedly after an exceptional request from the British government (Mackey, Mackey and Barney, 2007). Advertising and promotion also marked another strategy employed by BAT since 2003. This strategy was

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Nursing - Essay Example my motivation, but the promise that I have for all patients I handle, â€Å"to provide quality health care to them at all times.† This is because I focus on being an individual that the society can respect for the decision I make with reference to health care issues. According to Promise Healthcare (2014), Promise Healthcare is an example of modern hospital organizations, which offers largest long-term acute care. The organization does this while embracing the interdisciplinary approach of offering quality treatment and care to patients of different injuries and illnesses. As such, I believe that this is the perfect organization for me to accomplish personal goals of offering quality healthcare to individuals of different cultural backgrounds. Further, Promise Healthcare does not have issues of race and ethnicity discrimination, which makes it to remain, focused on the delivery of quality healthcare for the patients. Thus, working in this organization will create an opportunity to learn on how to direct focus on the goal of health and overcome social barriers in delivery quality health

Strategic Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Analysis - Case Study Example It was established by individual and merchant bankers in Hamburg in the year 1870 after consolidating with Berliner Bank. It is the second largest bank in Germany after the Deutche bank whose headquarters are in Frankfurt. The bank has several branches situated in Europe, London, Luxembourg, Poland, Spain and Switzerland. The main banking services offered by the bank are commercial banking services, retail banking and mortgaging (Binder 2006). The management of the bank uses a financial information system known as the info broker. This system is used to ensure that strategic and content demands of the bank are met within the specified period of time. Its objective has been to ensure that current financial information, customers' data and banks internal information are consolidated into one single application in order to enhance proper delivery of services to the customers (Binder 2006). Business systems refers to the systems that are found in business organizations composed of large number of businesses, tradesmen in the same field of operation that combine resources, enhance sharing of information and also provide services that are beneficial to the organization. System Application Program (SAP) software is business software that consists of enterprise resource planning and related applications that enables the users to run the operations in the organization in an efficient manner. It also enables the bank to solve their core banking processes. System Application Program (SAP) software consists of tools and automated processes that assist the management of a company to manage the front office activities in the banking environment away from the transactional banking services, customer management systems, cost control, financial accounting and profitability and to undertake risk analysis of the bank (Laurentis 2005). The management of the Commerzbank implemented the System Application Program (SAP) software to centralize and optimize the business processes of the banks solutions portfolio. It also restructured systems such as the loan transaction business unit and the loan factory unit that can process over 1.2 million loans while using the System Application Program (SAP) solution portfolio. The other systems that were restructured were the enterprise -wide standardized and integrated processes. The features within the System Application Program (SAP) solution system enables the bank to have improved efficiency and enables performance of the bank to be carried out through using a high degree of workflow automation that has a shorter processing period (Laurentis, 2005). The banks factory loan system enables it to provide an integrated information technology system in business areas that are based on standard solutions to account for a high level of integrated workflow automation for the company. System Application Program (SAP) software also helps the company to serve many company's clients at reduced costs. Major Banks in the world are using the software because it leads to higher levels of productivity, agility and improves the way banks conduct their activities. The use of the balance sheet and risk systems has contributed to the success of the bank in matters such as; increased release of quality data, improved risk

Planning and Controlling Purchases and Materials Usage Essay

Planning and Controlling Purchases and Materials Usage - Essay Example Budgeting is an important tool adopted by the company for planning and controlling purchases and materials usage. Sales forecast is the basis for planning and budgeting after carefully considering various factors such as capacity available and product mix. Since inventory involves significant investment, keeping it at an optimum level is very important for controlling cost. Material requirement planning is carried out in line with the production schedule for the year. Importance of study Home appliances market is very competitive. The company’s products face stiff competition from the products imported from China and Japan. The company is under tremendous pressure to ensure quality of its products and make improvements to maintain its market share. The company focuses on ‘planning and controlling purchases and materials usage’ with a view to bring down the cost of production to make its products more competitive in the market. The main objective of inventory plann ing is to keep the investment low for reducing the interest cost. The inventory can be classified into three categories. 1. Raw materials 2. Components purchased for assembly 3. Finished products Purchase and production departments along with stores are responsible for planning and controlling of inventory of raw materials and components and the production department is responsible for planning and controlling of material usage. There are varieties of household appliances manufactured and marketed by the company. Since most of the appliances are electrically operated, quality of materials purchased is very important, keeping in view the safety of the customers. Timely supply of raw materials and components avoid disruptions in production schedule usually. Order size is decided based on factors such as price, usage and lead time required for supply of materials. The materials should be purchased without compromising quality of materials at the cheapest cost in line with the purchase policy of the organization. This requires product knowledge and negotiating skills on the part of purchase manager. Planning and control of purchases is closely relating to storing of raw materials and component part before issue to various production or assembly units of the organization. Inventory planning is therefore is an important aspect in planning and control of purchases in the organization. According to Michalski (2008) â€Å"The basic financial inventory management aim is holding the inventory to a minimally acceptable level in relation to its costs. Holding inventory means using capital to finance inventory and links with inventory storage, insurance, transport, obsolescence, wasting and spoilage costs.† Planning and control of usage of materials in production department depends upon the regular supply of materials by the stores department, efficiency in production by the workers and keeping generation of scrap at minimum level. At the same time, requirements as p er the production schedule and changes thereof for a week need to be informed in advance to the stores for closely monitoring the stock levels of various raw materials and components for making necessary requisition to purchase department for initiating purchase process. Though reorder levels are fixed for various materials, uncertainties in lead time and sudden demand for appliances should be informed to the purchase and

Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Climate Change - Essay Example Earlier it has been pointed that ecological destruction is one of the many leading causes that contributed to climatic changes. Jha and Whalley (1999) pointed that in developing countries, these environmental destruction is caused by massive soil erosion, open and illegal logging, dumping of solid and chemical wastes to the seas and ocean floors, incessant and unregulated pollution’s emission from companies, households, vehicles and industries. This is exacerbated by untreated human and nonhuman waste and other non-compliance of environmental control and laws in resource extraction, land use, and maximization of chemical-based fertilizers (Jha et al., 1999). The heterogeneity of environmental issues is also affected by the lack, if not absence, of enabling policies that can regulate and address ecological problems around the globe. As advanced nations engaged in an extractive industries in open states or countries, project developments in sites where there are mineral production sharing agreement proved destructive to mountains due to open pit nature of operations with consequential negative impact to rivers, water basins, siltation in the shorelines, displacement of native people, polarization of community (e.g. pro-mining and against), militarization of mine sites, and aggravation of community-based human rights violations (World Bank, 2004). The human beings, an integrated part of ecosystem, are also alienated by these developments as original residents in mine sites are removed from their natural livelihood (World Bank, 2004).... The influence and confluence of sun’s phenomenal flares that emit heat waves, atmospheric natural relations within earth’s axis and the environmental destruction made by human beings, intentional and non-intentional, have contributed or caused climatic changes (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2008). Figure 1. A comprehensive graphics of climate change effects to the world. (OpenGreenSpace, 2012). Causes of environmental problems Earlier it has been pointed that ecological destruction is one of the many leading causes that contributed to climatic changes. Jha and Whalley (1999) pointed that in developing countries, these environmental destruction is caused by massive soil erosion, open and illegal logging, dumping of solid and chemical wastes to the seas and ocean floors, incessant and unregulated pollution’s emission from companies, households, vehicles and industries. This is exacerbated by untreated human and nonhuman waste and other non-compliance o f environmental control and laws in resource extraction, land use, and maximization of chemical-based fertilizers (Jha et al., 1999). The heterogeneity of environmental issues is also affected by the lack, if not absence, of enabling policies that can regulate and address ecological problems around the globe. As advanced nations engaged in an extractive industries in open states or countries, project developments in sites where there are mineral production sharing agreement proved destructive to mountains due to open pit nature of operations with consequential negative impact to rivers, water basins, siltation in the shorelines, displacement of native people, polarization of community (e.g. pro-mining and against), militarization of mine sites, and

Critical evaluation of about 4 pages on the Accenture article on the Essay - 1

Critical evaluation of about 4 pages on the Accenture article on the Innovation Death Spiral - Essay Example According to the CEO of Apple Inc Tim Cook, innovation may create new market share and new customers for the organization. In order to fulfil such views, the organization created a new invention named Apple i-pad. This proved extremely effective for the organization in the age of recession in order to amplify its profit margin and productivity. However, after a very small period of time, the organizational performance started declining significantly thereby reducing its image and reliability in the market among other rival players as presented by the below figure. Therefore, as per Mr. Tim Cook, the organization of Apple Inc became trapped in the process of ‘Innovation death spiral’. According to this process, the organization develops new products with the desire that it might present high results but yields up with disappointing results. However, in order to balance such a phenomenon, Tim Cook, implemented balancing innovation strategy in order to rectify such trouble, as innovation is considered as an engine. In order to retain the portfolio and reputation of the organization, Tim Cook decided to offer higher concentration over the field of research and development. Only then, the organization might analyse and evaluate the demands and preferences of the customers in an effective way (Innovation management, 2011). So that, after developing and launching the products, it might offer high-ended results to the organization of Apple Inc that might amplify its net income and market share. In order to do so, the CEO, Tim Cook developed varied types of products such as I-pad mini, iphone 5, iMac and many others. By inventing a series of above mentioned products, the total sales of the organization of Apple Inc increased by almost 50 percent in the period of recession as well as compared to other rival players such as Microsoft (Mysticdots, 2012). Apart from this, in order to save the organization from falling in the

Wal-Mart Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Wal-Mart - Case Study Example A brief introduction to business ethics and social responsibility is undertaken. The importance of CSR initiatives is also discussed. The results indicate that Wal-Mart is well perceived by many customers despite few criticisms leveled against it due to its low and affordable prices. Candid CSR initiatives emerged as a very crucial factor. Corporations today have to pay much attention to the needs as well as preferences of many interest groups. Corporations are not required to behave as if their profit making goal is more important that the interests of their stakeholders. Stakeholder theory maintains that management’s role is to create value for their non-shareholder stakeholders such as consumers, the community, creditors, employees and suppliers (Lii, 2011). However, Wal-Mart has been greatly criticized for going against this theory. Areas of criticisms include treatment of suppliers, foreign products sourcing of the corporation, environmental practices, employee compensations as well as working conditions, the corporation’s security policies, the use of public subsidies and slavery (Yuan, Bao, & Verbeke, 2011). They have sought to inflict harms on their stakeholders for profit seeking in a number of ways. However, the MNE has a number of CSR initiatives to help in leading as well as providing the m with an opportunity to make differences on the big issues that matter to everyone. The corporation noted that they are committed to using their big size as well as scale in helping the world live better. Through such initiatives, Wal-Mart has been able to empower women, contribute to energy efficiency and assisting with disaster relief (News & Brothers, 2005). The aim of this paper is to identify the harms Wal-Mart inflict on their stakeholders while they make profit and the CSR initiatives it has adopted as well as their motives. In addition, the paper evaluates the results of such CSR initiatives and makes recommendations to

Ethical implications and theories about a new technology Essay

Ethical implications and theories about a new technology - Essay Example Sample (2007) reports that scientists working in the field of neurology have developed a system with which they are able to look into a person’s mind and see their intentions even before they are carried out. Essentially, it allows them to bug the mind of an individual much like a telephone can be bugged. The methodology is based on taking high resolution scans of the brain to identify the activity in certain areas of the brain which can be translated into the actual thoughts of the person. A brain image of this kind could reveal a person who is lying, having violent thoughts, has racial prejudices, or any other negative or positive emotions. While the process can be used to help in interrogation and crime solving it could easily turn into an Orwellian tool much like the thought police. Of course the brain scan could also be used to prove the innocence of an individual who has not committed a crime but the invasion of privacy and the violation of civil rights certainly bring up interesting questions. The technology is still several years away from being perfected but it is going towards a direction where hiding thoughts might be impossible. In a few years, scientists will be able to tell if an individual is lying or not simply by looking at their brain activity. In fact, we might even be able to know a person’s emotional state, background thoughts as well as their hopes and dreams with a good enough scan of their brain. The idea does have its positive applications since computers could be controlled with the brain and machinery could also be controlled with thought alone to provide the disabled with an unprecedented degree of movement. Thought controlled wheelchairs or artificial appendages could make losing an arm or a leg less debilitating than it is now. Clearly, there are both positive and negative sides to the debate on the reading of thoughts. To better grasp the situation in ethical terms,

Human Behavior in Organization in Global Perspective Essay Example for Free

Human Behavior in Organization in Global Perspective Essay Organizational behavior is a study that investigates the effect that individuals, groups and structures have on behavior within an organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organizations effectiveness. Human behavior in organization defines also on how the employees work in certain organization, on how we build the interpersonal relationship towards to the superior and co-workers, according to the Maslow’s theory the people get motivated by the five categories of maslow’s, this would be help the employee to more productive in his work and contribute to the organization, basically, when we speak human behavior in organization, it is the behavior of the employees inside the organization, on now they act in their perspectives work and on how they do their duties inside the organization. How-ever in some cases people get motivated in money, with this they develop their skills in order to get some incentives, money is also one of the factors that people are motivated but there is a negative side on this, sometimes this are this factors that we are always depend in. Human behavior in organization in global perspective defines that on how the employees work in different company and also the relationship on organization to another organization, it is also the motivating factor of the bout company and the employee on how they interact inside and outside the organization, in order them to build the relationship inside and outside of the organization, it is also make the organization be more effectiveness. One of those motivating factors is the ethics, basically ethics in organization is important to make the employees be more productive to their work, and ethics defines as the character of one person. In human behavior in organization in global perspective is the relationship of one people to another, it is also the relationship of one country to another in order to build a trust, for example the manager of one organization will go in other country to for some proposal of business in order to get the heart of the one country the leader must build a trust to his company first, with this global perspective defines as on how we deal to another. In management global perspective one of the keys to successful management is the ability to understand andapply modern management principles and techniques effectively. Managersmust develop an in-depth knowledge of past and present models, theories andprocesses in order to manage effectively and intelligently. Contemporarymanagement practice is pervasive in every aspect of human life within all typesof organizations

Presentation of War in Literature | The Man He Killed and Dulce Er Decorum Est

Presentation of War in Literature | The Man He Killed and Dulce Er Decorum Est The Man He Killed by Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), and Dulce et Decorum est, by Wilfred Owen explore the theme of war, they both take similar views on life during and after the treacherous times that war created, and its lasting effects. However, the poets choose to display these feelings through their poetry in different ways. In Hardys poem, the poet adopts the person of a war veteran in the Boer war. The poem is about his actions in this war and their lasting effects. In Dulce Decorum est, the poet prefers to take a step back, he is not as directly involved as Hardy, yet he continues to get his message across very effectively by describing the horrors he witnessed. Though the poems were written in different wars the messages they portray are very similar as the poems do not divulge into the actual wars they were based on, but, instead on the inner dynamics of war on a whole. Wilfred Owen is known as being one of the most famous poets of the First World War. He wrote Dulce et Decorum Est while he served as a soldier in the appalling conditions of the trenches. Dulce et Decorum Est gives a distressing account of the futility of war, generated from his own personal experiences. It was composed during the summer of 1917 when Owen wrote a series of poems about the war. The preface to this collection was My subject is War, and the pity of War. This shows Owens view to war and his purpose for writing the poems was to show the disgusting horror that war created to an ill-informed and uneducated audience back at home in England. Though the war made Owen famous it ultimately led to his demise a year later. The Man He Killed by Thomas Hardy was written to express Hardys beliefs. Hardy felt that war was inhuman, he despised the heartlessness atrocity between men. The poem is specifically addressed to the Boer War, which Hardy was passionately against. The poem may seem very simple at first but in fact it is a very skilful one, it is hampered with irony and Hardy makes interesting use of colloquialism (writing in a conversational style). Hardy titled the poem The Man He Killed, in the third person. However, the poem is narrated in the first person. The person in the poem, the he in the title and I in the poem, is clearly a soldier of the Boer war attempting to explain and perhaps clarify the reasons to kill another man in battle. The short lines, simple rhyme scheme, and colloquial language make the poem almost like pleasant nursery rhyme as it is so simple and easy to read, however, this is an ironic contrast to its less than pleasant subject. In Dulce et decorum est, Owen is showing how the press and public at home were comforting themselves in the belief that all the young men dying in the war were dying noble, heroic deaths. Owen on the other hand, shows how the reality was quite different; the young men were dieing horrible and obscene deaths in the trenches. I believe that Owen wanted to open the eyes of the reader to what was really going on in the war to illustrate how vile and inhumane war really is. The first line sets the tone for the rest of the poem Bent double, like old beggars under sacks. He uses the simile like old beggars to show how the average soldier was not being treated nobly or with respect but like someone the lowest class (a beggar). It also shows how the young, vibrant boys who signed up had the life taken out of them by the war and were becoming old well before it was their time. This put the reader in the right frame of mind about the war, it casts out any false pretences they had about the war and opens their eyes to the inhumane truth war created. He uses bitter imagery like coughing like hags and But limped on, blood shod. All went lame; all blind; Drunk with fatigue to show how these apparent youthful and strong men had been broken by the war and become prematurely old and weakened. Owen takes pity on these tired and weary soldiers as he describes them in the most unglamorous, inglorious manner. Similarly, in The Man He Killed, Hardy also banishes a common misconception about war, that killing a man was a dignified and noble thing to do. In the first stanza Hardy establishes that things could have been different in more favourable circumstances between him and his foe: Had he and I but met they could have had a drink together By some old ancient inn. However, in the second stanza, Hardy shows the true circumstances in which they did meet, which is in stark contrast to the first stanza. Ranged as infantry Hardy once again reemphasises the point that the men are not natural foes but have been ranged, which means that they have been set against each other by someone elses decision. The phrase as he at me indicates they are both in similar situations. This tells the reader how your foe may have been your friend in indifferent circumstances but because someone higher has said they are your enemy means you must kill them, in essence you must banish your own moral and personal view s on the person you are about to kill because someone has told you, falsely, it is your duty to kill them. Like Owen, Hardy takes pity on the soldiers, as it is not their fault, as he shows it is kill or be killed in war. In The Man He Killed, Hardy also exhibits the dark side of man, especially his capacity for violence and cruelty. He does this in the last stanza where concludes with a repetition of the contrast between his treatment of the man he killed and how he might have shared hospitality with him in other circumstances, Youd treat, if met where any bar is, or even been ready to extend charity to him Or help to half a crown. Before this he says that war is quaint and curious, as if to say war was is bit of a harmless puzzle. This may give the impression that war is undamaging and acceptable, but as the reader now knows from the events described in the poem and the knowledge he already has of war, make it clear that Hardy applies this phrase quaint and curious with great irony, knowing full well that this statement is far from the truth. It forces the reader, through Hardys irony, to divulge deeper into the ethics behind war and the brutality and inhumanity it creates, and to consider how human s are often victims of sheer circumstance and fate, which has lead them to take another persons life. Hardy has very cleverly through colloquial language and simple statements, made the reader think as though they have made a judgment of whether war is right or wrong on their own, when really Hardy has inconspicuously made that decision for them. Furthermore, Owen also shows how war has changed man into a killing beast. He concentrates on the use of mustard gas, a new devastating weapon used in the First World war. If inhaled without the protection of a mask, the gas quickly burns away the lining of the respiratory system. Owen shows this as he compares the soldier who has breathed in the toxic fumes with a man consumed in fire or lime. When you have breathed in the fumes, it is of often compared with drowning, as mustard gas effectively drowns people in the blood from their own lung tissues. Owen then skilfully uses a metaphor to tie into the drowning theme as he says As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. This was because Mustard gas had a green colour, he calls it a sea to show how it was impossible to get away from. Owen continues this aquatic theme as he views this floundring man as if through an underwater mask, Dim through the misty panes. This gives the impression that Owen was unable to fully access the situation through his gas mask, there is also a helplessness felt by Owen as there is nothing he can do, which adds to the surreal and nightmarish atmosphere of the poem, in all my dreams, before my helpless sight. This dream then becomes a harsh reality as the guttering, choking soldier plunges at the helpless speaker, seeking help, in an effort to escape his inevitable death, Owen uses triple emphasis to engrave this astringent image in the readers head. Owen can do nothing for the man; there is still a feeling of responsibility and guilt. This vivid imagery creates a bleak image in the readers mind, Owen is trying to make them question whether the suffering and torture created by war is really worth it. His despair at war and the loss of morals it results in are shown in phrase sores on innocent tongues, as Owen realizes that this soldier, though he is fighting in a war, is innocent and there was no reason for him to die in this way. Owen then uses alliteration to further emphasize the inh umanities man does to man by describing the soldiers slow death, he repeats initial consonant sounds in closely related words wagon, watch, white, writhing. Owen then continues to use bitter imagery combined with similes such as, Like a devils sick of sin to describe the soldiers dying face. This exceptionally dramatic imagery creates a lasting and distressing impression on the reader, as Owen reveals the true horrors that go on during times of war. In The Man He Killed, Hardy illustrates that the reason for killing a man because they are your foe is not good enough. This is shown in the third stanza. The colloquial style Hardy uses enables him to repeat the word because, when he is trying to justify the reason for killing the man, implying hesitation, and therefore doubt as he doesnt know why he killed him. He uses repetition of my foe and the of course this also shows that there is an element of doubt as the speaker tries to convince himself of his justification for the killing. Hardy has already made it clear that the men fighting each other because of an artificial hostility created by others. He adds at the end of the stanza Thats clear enough which is obviously ironic, as the reason for killing is far from clear to the reader because of the reasons above. The last word of the stanza although ultimately destroys the whole entire believability of the reason he has just given. I believe the main point of this poem is to show that there is never a good enough reason to kill another man. Hardy shows this through illustrating how these men would have been friends if they had met under different circumstances yet because someone has said they were there enemy this was a good enough reason to take the other persons life, thus showing how war is a pointless and frivolous act. On the other hand, in Dulce et Decorum est, Owen in not against the reasons why soldiers are killing each other but the fact that these young, innocent and possibly naive men were signing up based on the belief that it is sweet and fitting to die for your country (which is Dulce et decorum est the title of the poem in Latin). At the end of the last stanza, Owen sums up the poem. Owen speaks directly to reader calling the reader my friend, this draws the reader into the poem. He says you would not tell with such high zest, to say directly to the reader that if they had witnessed the horror that he had witnessed then the readers attitude towards the war would change. Therefore, the reader would not repeat patriotic slogans to make people sign up, To children ardent for some desperate glory. The title of the poem Dulce et decorum est is used with a certain sense of irony as the poem is all about how it is not sweet and fitting to die for your country. However, Owen abandons this irony a nd just says The old Lie, showing how more soldiers will die in the circumstances of the fallen soldier in this poem, if the reader continues to spread that lie to young men who have been blinded by this sense of patriotic duty to their country. The final line brings about the full chilling effect of the poem Pro patria mori: to die for ones country. Owen shows how people are signing up to the war on lies like Dulce et decorum est, however, this is far from the truth as nobody deserves to suffer the fate of the fallen soldier in the poem for their country. Within Dulce et Decorum Est the poet utilises a variety of powerful poetic devices in order to depict death in war as a brutal and horrifying experience. It is through the use of this simile that the poet arouses the sympathy of the responder as they witness the grotesque nature of such a death. In Dulce et Decorum est Owen masterfully uses a variety of potent poetic devices to depict the horrifying nature of death in a war to stimulate a response from the reader. He uses metaphors and similes to provoke sympathy for the people who were dying in the war, as the reader witnesses the grotesque death of the soldier who died in the poem. By doing this Owen portrays his message in a very bold and tasteful way. In The Man He Killed Hardy uses a colloquial style of writing combined with an ABAB rhyme scheme, this makes the poem very easy to read and long lasting. Hardy uses slang to get the reader involved in the poem, this allows Hardy to make a strong point in highlighting the irony behind how war can turn friend into foe simply by association and sway the reader against war. Both poems are against war and the reasons and ethics behind them. Though Hardy uses a more direct approach to get his point across, both poems successfully complete the objective that the poets had for them , which was to open the readers eyes to the true reality of war.

Salt Concentration Effect on Reaction Rates

Salt Concentration Effect on Reaction Rates Enzymes are proteins that catalysis chemical reaction to its highest speed. They do so by lowering the activation energy. Enzymes contain an active site where a substrate, in this case, the hydrogen peroxide binds to it and breaks into water and oxygen. Salt concentration denatures the structure of the protein, therefore, causing the rate of the reaction to decrease. The main purpose of this study was to discover whether the salt concentration affects the rate of reaction. Turnip Peroxidases were used, known as enzymes which are found in plants and animals. The hypothesis was that as the salt concentration increases, the absorbance rate decreases. This study was completed by running test of four different percent salt concentrations, 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Using 0.5ml of peroxidase, .02 ml Guaiacol, 0.2 ml hydrogen peroxide, and a pH 7 buffer. Perform two tests per tube for accuracy. Each tube was put in the spectrophotometer at 500nm. According to the data 15% salt concentration yiel d the highest absorbance. Introduction Plants and animals contain enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that are not consumed in the chemical reactions, but rather it can speed up the reaction. Catalysis is an enzyme which is found almost in all living cells especially in eukaryote cells (Cummings, 2005). It main function is to break down the hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is just produce naturally in chemical reactions, but the cells have to get rid of it before it builds up in a large amount. A cell uses catalysis to break down the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide will going to feed into the catalysis and it is going to break that down into two products (Cummings, 2005). It does that at very incredible rate. Basically, an enzyme contains an active site. This active site is part of an enzyme where there has a hole in it. The substrate will than fit into it. The substrate is hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme basically tugs on substrate and breaks it down. Enzymes are very important in the chemical reac tions, without them the reaction will occur at the lower rate. There are two types of inhibition. Inhibition can either be competitive, that is where a chemical is blocking an active site or the allosteric, where the enzyme is actually changing the shape of its active site, unable the reaction to take place (Hosoya, 1960). An enzyme itself never changes its shape, only the active site does. However, its unique structure of protein under specific circumstances can easily be denatured. An enzyme needs to be in certain atmosphere to be more affective. One of the factors that can effect the enzyme reaction is salt concentration (Cummings, 2005). Salt concentration has to be in its intermediate state for an enzyme to work properly. For instance, if the salt concentration is too high, then the enzyme site will be blocked by the salt ions (Huystee, (1987). Therefore, it will lower the reaction activity rate. The main intention of this experiment was to figure out the salt concentration and its effect on enzymes. To perform this experiment, use the turnip peroxidases. Peroxidases are an enzymes found in plant and animal cells (Gjesing, 1985). Because salt concentration denatures the enzyme we did an experiment to see how the salt concentration would effect the reaction. It is believed that the increase in salt concentration will lower the absorbance rate of turnip peroxidases. Materials In this experiment, the solution materials that are needed to perform this lab are: Enzyme Solution: 5 g turnip blended into 500mL water (1% solution) and then filtered through a p2 filter, Substrate Solution: NaCl (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%), Indicator Solution: Guaiacol, Buffer Solution: pH 7 buffer (distilled water), and Hydrogen peroxides. The list of supplies that are need is follows: a spectrophotometer, cuvette tubes, and micropipette. Methods Prepare a control test tube (called the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“blankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ), containing all of the ingredients: 0.5 ml of turnip peroxidase, 0.5ml pH buffer, .02 Guaiacol, and put 0.2 hydrogen peroxide last, except the NaCl. Then, obtain the four additional cuvette tubes and start adding 0.5 ml (0 to 15%) of NaCl in each tube plus the same solution that control tube contains. Mix and put these tubes one by one in the spectrophotometer at 500 nm and record the absorbance every 15 seconds for 3 minutes. Repeat the trial for two times for each tube, then take the mean average. Results The peak absorbance was at 15% concentrate (See Figure 2). After the concentration passed 15% the reaction slowed gradually. Discussion As higher percent of salt concentration was added the absorbance increased. This happened because the salt concentration did not denature the enzyme (peroxidase), therefore, causing the enzyme to work its way out throughout until there was not enough enzymes to work with hydrogen peroxide. The data collected did not support the hypothesis because the absorbance peak was at 15% salt concentration. As assumed that the higher the salt concentration, the lower the absorbance would be. But that was not the case in this experiment. Salt concentration at 5 and 10% showed the lower peak, meaning that the presence of salt concentration actually lowered the reaction rate. It is the only 15% of salt concentration, where the peak was its highest. This could have happened because of the human error, miscalculation in finding the mean average, misreading the spectrophotometer or not having enough solution. If this experiment is to be repeated one of the question that should be addressed is what wo uld happen if the higher than 15% of salt concentration was added, what would be the result? Figure Legends and Figures Figure 1. The Effects of Salt Concentration on Turnip Peroxidase Activity. Enzyme activity was measured using a spectrophotometer by recording the change in coloration of guaiacol to brown, indicating that hydrogen peroxide is complete. Figure 2. The Effects of Salt Concentration on Turnip Peroxidase Activity. Enzyme activity was measured at the high peak of 15% salt concentration. Literature Cited: Campbell, Neil., Jane Reece (2005). Biology, 7th ed. Beth Wilbur. Benjamin Cummings,  Publishing Menlo Park, California. pp. 150-157. Gjesing, K.W( 1987). Plant peroxidases. The Febs Journal. 151: 497-504. Hosoya, Toichiro (1960). Turnip peroxidase: Purification and physicochemical properties of  multiple components in turnip peroxidase. The Journal of Biochemistry. Vol. 47, No. 3. Huystee, R. B (1987). Some molecular aspects of plant peroxidase biosynthetic studies. The  Journal of Plant Physiology. 38: 205-219.

Machiavelli’s The Prince :: Machiavelli The Prince Essays

Niccolo Machiavelli lived in Florence, Italy in the 1400’s. The country of Italy was divided into city-states that had their own leaders, but all pledged alliance to their king. In time in which great leaders were needed in order to help the development of a city-state and country, Machiavelli had a theory that man needed a leader to control them. In his book The Prince, he speaks of the perfect leader. I believe that man, by nature, is neither good nor evil. When a child comes out of its mother, one cannot tell whether or not that child will be a serial killer or win the Nobel Peace prize. A child’s environment is what forms it to be the adult that it will be one day. I believe that it also what one believes that makes him or her what that person will be one day. Machiavelli believed however that man was naturally an evil being, one that needed control (Prince). The idea of man being an evil being, by nature, is expressed in Machiavelli’s book The Prince. He has written that a Prince should break his promises to his subjects because man is evil and will break their promises to their prince (Prince). I do not agree with this theory because I think that man will make his own decision based on whether or not he is good in character. I believe that a leader should tell the truth and win the support of the public by being known as doing this. Machiavelli seems to have the idea of preparing for the worst and thinking in terms of the worst. This is a preventative measure that will benefit anybody who has evil intentions. Only a person who thinks that man is evil would think of such ways to run a government in the way that Machiavelli thought a government should be operated. Machiavelli felt that â€Å"crafty and deceitful princes have historically defeated the faithful princes†(Prince). What happened to the idea of a caring leader, one who could be trusted to make decisions that the majority of the people agreed with? I do not agree with Machiavelli that a leader should be deceitful in order to for his country to succeed or grow. I think that what a leader is depends on what type of man you are good or evil. The leader that Machiavelli describes as being the ideal one is evil.

Blogs are Only a Fad :: Internet Online Communication Essays

Blogs are Only a Fad With the beginning of the 21st century well under way, we find ourselves in the midst of a digital revolution. New technology seems to be springing up every other day, and old ones are continuously being replaced by improved versions of their precursors, if not being replaced by something entirely new. The internet is probably one of the most influential inventions of our time, bringing about a whole slew of other technologies into our lives. One particular technology of interest is the weblog, more often referred to as "blog". Blogs are essentially online journals where one can write and post their thoughts, which then become available for be read by anyone with access to the internet. Blog software such as Movable Type allows one to easily publish their entries online with a few clicks of the mouse. The convenience and accessibility of using blogs are what have made them so popular, especially among the younger generation. Despite their advantages, however, blogs are simply a fad, and will make no significant impact on our society or the way we write, because ultimately, we desire more permanence in our writing than a mere sequence of binary codes. The primitive cavemen of the prehistoric era, the Sumerians of the Fertile Crescent and Shakespeare all have something in common - typography. The cavemen etched crude drawings on walls, the Sumerians pressed pictographic marks into clay tablets using a stylus, and Shakespeare wrote poetry using a quill pen and ink. Though their writings vary greatly in elegance or sophistication, each of them left their marks so that their history and contributions may forever be preserved. As William J. Mitchell points out in his essay, "In the thousands of years since, humankind has figured out innumerable ways to bind words permanently to matter...to carve them into clay and stone, to print them on paper, to form them out of unlikely things like neon tubes, and furtively to spray them onto walls" (Mitchell 2003). The fact that mankind has been practicing the act of writing for eons is proof that we, as human beings, desire to leave writing as records so that future generations may read them a nd know of our actions and thoughts. If we did not feel the need to preserve our knowledge permanently, it would be passed down orally, and we would not care to preserve what little writing that would be done out of necessity.

Navigating the Global- Lost in Translation

The 21st century term, globalization, conceptualizes the contemporary breakdown of traditional barriers and structures between cultural paradigms, culminating in an increasingly interconnected and complex global environment. Manfred Stager, REMIT Professor of Global Studies, describes this trend as the â€Å"increasing desalination of conventional parameters within which individuals imagine their communal existence†. Focusing on the redefinition of cultural and physical boundaries, the quote theorizes the complex and Indeterminate nature of an Interconnected world, and as a result. E uncertainty experienced by Individuals who attempt to navigate it. Sophie Copula's â€Å"Lost in Translation† (2003) comments on agglutination's progressive development toward cultural uniformity, utilizing Tokyo to exhibit habitations of Western and Japanese cultures. Similarly, Witt limeade's â€Å"The Whale† explores the invasion of global forces into Maori culture, depicting the increasing stratifications of traditional values and their eventual submergence by the dominant Western Influence.Both texts explore the conflict between global and local, as well as the need to adapt for individuals to form meaningful connections ND a sense of self-identity. The conflict between local and global forces is the underlying message of â€Å"Lost†, focusing on the Journey of Bob and Charlotte as they attempt to navigate the cultural uncertainty of Tokyo. Copula capitalizes on Tokyo modern Identity of a technically- advanced hybrid city, using It as a synecdoche for the spread of global Influences, namely Westernizes and the increasing prevalence of technology.The film commences with a taxi ride through the urban centre of Tokyo, featuring an advertisement of the protagonist, Bob, an American movie star, surrounded by Japanese signs and banners. The inclusion of intense neon-lighting is juxtaposed by camera close-ups of Japanese characters, serving to highlight th e combination of the traditional and modern-day, specifically the global pressure toward technology. The Increasing Influence of western culture Is shown by Bob's advertisement being dominating over its Japanese counterparts through the use of camera framing, central placement and MIS en scene.The paradoxical use of an American actor to advertise a Japanese whisky also comments on the decline of Japanese culture, instead replaced by preference of global westernizes images and influences. Despite the physical location of Japan, Copula emphases the deterioration of Japanese culture when faced by globalization and therefore, the conflict between the local and global. In â€Å"The Whale†, Witt Alhambra similarly explores the conflict between local and global, namely the extension of Westernizes and as a consequence, the dissolution of Maori culture.The short story characterizes a Maori elder as he struggles to preserve his native heritage and tradition, stating â€Å"[The others ] felt the pull of the Apache Maori word â€Å"Apache†, meaning white man, both emphasis the increasing influence of Western culture, in correspondence with the ideas explored in â€Å"Lost†. This is paralleled by the motif of the meeting house, representative of the Maori culture, â€Å"The outtake work is pitted with cigarette burns†¦ A name has been chipped into a carved panel†, depicting not only the physical defacement of the temple but also the cultural deterioration of the Maori.As explored in â€Å"Lost†, the final line, â€Å"the whale lifts a fluke of its giant tail to beat the air with its dying agony', metaphorically alludes to he inevitable nature of global hybrid and destruction of cultural diversity, epitomizing the conflict between local and global. In â€Å"Lost†, the increasingly complex global environment is explored through Bob and Charlotte cultural displacement, which they are able to overcome through emotional connectio ns.Attracted to each other by their cultural similarities and local origins, Bob and Charlotte form a relationship based on mutual loneliness and uneasiness within Japan's unfamiliar surroundings, emphasized in a medium shot of Bob and Charlotte fidgeting in a hotel elevator, in Juxtaposition to the motionless Japanese tarots. Evident in the close-up take of Charlotte leaning on Bob's shoulder in a karaoke bar, their emotional bond enables them to adapt and find connections to Japan's fast-paced global culture with greater confidence.Illustrated through wide- shot tinged with a neutral palette, Charlotte blends indistinguishably among the Japanese crowd in the busy Tokyo street, and Bob's final Journey to Tokyo airport is captured by a hand-held camera panning across Tokyo urban skyline, symbolizing their renewed sense of acceptance and self-identity within the global landscape. Hence, in Lost in Translation, Copula emphasizes the need for individuals to adapt to the global influenc es shaping our world, and to realize our own existence and individuality beyond cultural paradigms.This concept is similarly explored in â€Å"The Whale†, however, in contrast to â€Å"Lost†, the inability to adapt to global influences leads to further cultural displacement and isolation. The protagonist's retreat from the cultural influences of globalization is illustrated in the melancholy tone of â€Å"Better to die than to see this changing world. He is too old for it. He is stranded here†, revealing his feelings of alienation within an increasingly westernizes world.His cultural isolation is explored repeatedly through the use of exclusion pronouns, writing â€Å"They wave at him, and beckon him to Join them. He turns away', again metaphorically showing his rejection of globalization and instead choosing to solely clinging to his traditional beliefs. The desertion by his people for the popularized western society alongside his inability to adapt catalyst t he emotional impact of his cultural, epitomized by the bleak statement â€Å"He will be glad to die†. Unlike â€Å"Lost†, the protagonist is

Marketing Report Bokomo Foods Essay

1.0. A treat up familiariseing merchandise breeding in severalize to inform a texture gild Bokomo Ltd. To consider whether to flip one and merely(a)s wig to a greater extent in the fall in terra firma feed trade.2.0 Executive summary.This is a short announce, containing switching data on both the texture market and a peculiar(prenominal) bank line, Bokomo UK. The data was obtained from lower-ranking marketing enquiry. Bokomos website was one of the master(prenominal) reference guide. With the chance uponings and digest, it was recommended that Bokomo should expand their catch brand products some(prenominal)(prenominal) in the UK.The lad analysis of the UK foodstuff industry include in this propound was used to play up the external ciphers that groundwork impinge on Bokomos operation and interpret how these factors go sur scene entrance Bokomo.Further more, through the market analysis it was order that Kelloggs and Weetabix in general lea d the texture industry, fol slumped by Nestle and Jordans. These companies birth a wide range of brands intented at divers(prenominal) necessitaters, and they lose client loyalty, which raft crop it harder for cleaner companies to enter this sector. As mentioned before, in the caryopsis market in that respect atomic government issue 18 a sizeable variety of bell ringered consumers like children, women, and families. The of import key lines in the market argon cheerful snacks and consciousness towards health. A plowshare from that, confess mark labels be overly gaining popularity as they tender consumers the same product at a cheaper price.pulverization analysis allowed us to devise the partnerships cozy analysis. Strengths include their hale-k nowa daytimesn reputation and customers such(prenominal)(prenominal) as large food retailers (Tescos), to which they fail compel and packaging service. Weaknesses consist of the oppose panoramas the companion faces, including their non household name, and ecumenical negative publicity they face in this complex sector. Opportunities were devised from the cordial factors from the swearing analysis as changes in consumer tastes and trends atomic number 18 opportunities were this company can benefit from by confluence those needs. These were withalan important part of the report as it affected the terminal recommendations for the company. Threats included the monetary recession and change magnitude levels of immigration.Bokomo nourishments is a major(ip) texture grass stater in the United Kingdom, establish around 80 geezerhood ago. Despite non organism a household name, is a UK jumper lead food grain maker and the company has achieved mutation by producing a range of sustain-label products. Furthermore, they manufacture brand products for large companies, as well as mark packaging run like Bag in Box, survey or Pouch. All of these services ar for tip retailers su ch as Tescos, Sainsburys and Morrisons, among umpteen some others.3.0 Introduction + Aim.This is a report whose aim is to present market data in order to inform Bokomo plc. a cereal company, whether further elaboration in the UK market is beneficial at this time. The report depart identify and analyse the true product line situation, use SWOT analysis, and inspection the macroeconomic perspective of the general UK market place industry using PEST analysis. The SWOT analysis allow for help us examine the specific company factors, as it is essential to understand these in order to relate them back to the PEST and market trends. Both internal and external factors affect how Bokomo will operate now and in the future.4.0 The securities industry market environment PEST analysis4.1 PoliticalPolitical factors require a great influence on the analysis of external factors since they argon pertinacious by the degree of government pr howevertive in the economy. The political situ ation in the UK is stable. Her Majestys Government, led by Prime Minister David Cameron of the Conservative Party, is mainly touch almost the financial crisis affect economies all over the world and to as sure enough the economic bunk of UK globally. Through avocation legislations, the government encourages retailers to bid a ruffle up of job opportunities from flexible, lower-paid and locally-establish jobs to naughtyly-skilled, elevateder-paid and centrally-located jobs (Balchin, 1994).Migration has a large trespass on the marketplace industry, as it provides new customers, as well as opportunities for supermarkets to allow for to the contrasting culinary cultures of immigrants. Migration besides leads to a change in size of toil pool, which could catch an effect on the availableness of workers. Latest figures from the Office for National Statistics expose some 503,000 race came to live in the UK in the year ending June 2013, comp ard with 517,000 stack the prev ious year (ONS.gov, 2013).4.2 economicEconomic factors argon important to consider in regard to the UK securities industry market, as they atomic number 18 exceedingly influential to demand, costs, prices, and profit. One of the more or less influential factors on the economy is high unemployment level, which decreases the effective demand for umpteen dears, adversely change the demand required to produce such goods. Unemployment in the UK is at 7.1% as of January 2014, according to BBC. another(prenominal) highly applicable economic factor is the grocery store market size and the market dumbfoundth. IGD confront that the UK grocery market value will be worth 205.9bn in 2018, a 21.3% profit on 2013 (IGD.com, 2013). This is beneficial intelligence operationworthiness to Bokomo, since any expanding upon would be manageable in regard to the availability of electron orbit in the market to expand. Another market characteristic of importance is the amount of consumpti on on groceries in regard to general retail expenditure in the UK. The grocery markets plowshare accounts for 54.9p in every 1 of UK retail spend (IGD.com, 2013).4.3 well-disposedAccording to Askew (2013) gross gross revenue in the cereal industry capture been under pressure in these noncurrent years, especially ascribable to the changing genial trends and habits of consumers. Even though gross revenue in this market fill been stable, growth has been slow. handed-down eat habits throw take out changed and lot consume fewer cereals because of a busier lifestyle. Also change magnitude number of consumers skip eat. An sum up in female workers has also had an impact on this, which is why competition for convenient options is incrementmore each time. An increase number of battalion now look for elementary and quick alternatives to sitting down and eating.However, they expect to receive the same nutrients and thinking(a) benefits with these convenient options. A g rowing number of women now pay special attending to what they are eating, checking the labeling, nutritional information and ingredients of each product. increasely, women befool a greater concern with their freight and healthy eating.Lately, the demand for childrens cereals has declined because of the swag content it has. texture companies use marketing to their advantage and attract kids with unfit products. Their main source has been television adverts and most of the cereals for children have high sugar content with low nutritional value, a fact of which more parents are aware(predicate).Apart from consumer concerns about health, they are also becoming more aware of the environment. In this specific market, many another(prenominal) cereal companies now reserve their water use, free energy use, waste produced, etc. Most of them also pay close attention to the packaging of the product, like using recycled packaging.Another social factor that affects the grocery market i n general is the diverse culture in UK. There are so many people with antithetical cultures that do not choose cereals as their scratch line option for breakfast instead they have their own eating habits. Therefore, it is important for the producers in the grocery market to understand the needs of the immaculate population and meet them.Furthermore, supermarket own-brand products have gained a sens of popularity because of the economic downturn. As consumers have limited spending power, they prefer spending on a cheaper product that allows them to get the same benefits.4.4 TechnologicalIn the present technological age, everyone, from personal to professionalinteraction, is highly reliant on technology. Therefore, technological advances are important for the development and maintenance of trading culture. Advances in technology have allowed the grocery industry to grow. An excellent example is the expiry of Blockbuster, who was reluctant to explore online options, and their co nsequent refusal to bargain Netflix and to adapt to changing trends lead to their unsuccessful person and final closure on January 14, 2014. Online grocery shop holds 11% of the distribution mail of the UK grocery market and predictions suggest online sales in the US will grow by 15% in 2014 to 189.3 billion, firearm in Europe, sales are pass judgment to rise by 18% to 131.2 billion.Online obtain has helped people spend their day more efficiently and reduced the effort of having to carry heavy grocery bags. Technological advances at the supermarket has contributed to more efficient customer service and stocking efforts. The adoption of Electronic Point of cut-rate sale (EPoS), Electronic Funds Transfer Systems (EFTPoS) and electronic scanners have greatly improved the ability of distribution and stocking activities, with needs being communicated well-nigh in real time to the supplier (Finch, 2004). Devices such as the self-checkout machine and wireless Frequency Identific ation (RFID) have permitted the grocery industry to grow and accommodate customers in an effective way.5.0 Description of product specific market5.1 Main competitorsThe tether cereal brands and the biggest competitors of Bokomo cereals in the UK are Kelloggs and Weetabix, describe Companies&Markets (2013). Kelloggs arrived in the UK in 1922 and since then has concorded its position in the market, by focusing on innovation and expansion of their products. In 2012, it had 32% of value share, leading in the UK cereal market chaping a wide range of products. oer the years, Kelloggs has expanded to over clxxx countries in the world and has around 39 brands of cereals.Weetabix, on the other hand, was launched in 1932 it has been along-standing brand and has fought its competitors to stay in this position in the UK. Weetabix has also introduced many different brands and has been innovating to adapt to consumer preferences over the years.Also Jordans, a breakfast cereal company estab lish in Bedfordshire, founded in 1855. Although, the company produced its first cereal in 1981 called Original Crunchy, it was in the years between 2000 and 2005 when it faced fast growth and became one of the largest cereal brands in the UK. Its great focus over the years has been on the packaging, to make it stand out in grocery stores and it is also cognise to be included in the healthy, inbred cereal segment Moreover, Nestle make in 1990. It was launched as a give voice venture between General move and Nestle S.A. and named Cereal Partners Worldwide (CPW). They offer the traditional cereals, as well as a range of brands including the world- cognize Cheerios.5.2 Targeted consumersCereal companies target many different kinds of people, although the easiest group of people to target has been children. BMSG (2013) declared they do it through advertisements on television, and somehow try to snapshot their attention by creating colourful, animated images and providing gifts in the cereal box each time.Another group targeted in this sector are the women because of their increasing concern for health and weight loss. Along with the children, women also form a big part of the consumers of this market. Nowadays, there are so many brands that have launched low-fat cereals and cereal exclude also. Some also provide some advice, tips and dietary plans, Nytimes denomination (2010). Generally, families in the UK are also targeted consumers because some families slake sit and have their meals together and bank that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Apart from that, families are more concerned with what they are eating, especially making sure that the smaller ones eat healthy (Marketingmagazine(2010) conflicting maybe some students at university who would not pay so such(prenominal) attention to their breakfast, particularly not on a daily basis.5.3 Key trends in the cereal marketMarketingmagazine (2008) stated A lift key trend in the cereal industry is the quick and convenient good to go snacks, like cereal bars. Cereal bars have gained a lot of popularity among a wide range of interview in recent years because people not having time for breakfast. Due to this reason, there has been a significant decline in the sales of the cereal market. Companies have been mostly focusing on this convenient aspect of the market so that people gaint just skip breakfast entirely and their business doesnt face a loss. As health also plays a crucial role in this market and recently people are more conscious about what they are putting in their body, convenient snacks are the best option as they cover both points.Nowadays, good to go snacks are not just used for breakfast but also during the entire day as an alternative to other unhealthy snacks. As a result of the sharp popularity of these snacks, now there are a great variety of them in different formats. On the other hand, the popularity of own mark labels is growing in the grocery market. It saves consumers a significant amount of money and they offer a similar or relegate quality product. It has resulted in a much higher level of competition in the market.5.4 SWOT epitomeBokomo website (2014)5.4.1 StrengthsBokomo is UKs leading cereal maker this is a major strength as they have established a firm position in the British cereal market. They operate in various markets inside the cereal industry, providing food manufacture, retailing and catering. Bokomo can provide tasty, sweet-smelling cereal products any business is tactile propertying for, at a very hawkish and cost-effective price. British company (although owned by South Africas Pioneer Foods) with substantial manufacturing plants in Wellingborough and Peterborough. This means Bokomo has the resources and specialist expertise to offer bizarre flexible manufacturing and packaging services. Companies needing a immaculatebreakfast cereal raced through newborn Product Development (NPD) or an advan ced production line set up in record time can contact Bokomo. This makes them have an advantage as nowadays there are many organisations looking for branded cereal products. Bokomo is a world-class player, and in order to maintain that status they need world-class facilities. They have two factories in the UK, specifically in Wellingborough and Peterborough.These factories offer them a cutting-edge manufacturing plant, in other words, the latest, high quality, reliable and sustainable facilities. This leads to the production of high quality products. Food standards are also controlled and supported by SAP business information software, which makes customers feel more confident and secure with the products and services Bokomo delivers. Bokomos experts in the management team up and the companys aim of forever innovating and removing old production facilities has helped them produce large quantities of high quality products very efficiently and to the shortest imaginable lead-times.T heir customers know Bokomo as a business that main objectives is to offer high quality products. This has been maintained by using high quality ingredients and top experts in recipe formulation. They are one of only 2 manufactures that produce wheat biscuits in the Northern hemisphere enabled them to have the largest control and knowledge of this production process. Even if Bokomo UK is based in the United Kingdom, they have also diversified. Geographic market diversification has enabled them to sell in many countries around Europe, Scandinavia and even as far as the United States of America or the United Arab Emirates5.4.2 WeaknessesBokomo stated youve possibly never heard of us this means that individual customers do not know them as their own branded products is very niche, and they are more alter in producing in a business to business way. This is a very commonplace weakness for companies that operate Behind the Brand. ageless changing of consumers tastes (opting for cereal bars, crying(a) porridge or other breakfast solutions) can be considered a weakness, as its fractious and expensive to innovate and keep up to meet their needs. Difficulties to compete with well known brands cerealsproducts such as Corn Flakes, Crunchy Nut, excess K. Have to create a delightful product that attracts customers quickly and expensive to work through the R&D and marketing. On the other hand it can also be considered and luck. Negative publicity to which ready-to-eat cereals have been subjected due to their high sugar content5.4.3 OpportunitiesSocial trends are important opportunities for Bokomo. Customers aiming towards healthy spiritedness or any other lifestyle changes means there is an opportunity towards which research and operate in. They have achieved and been keeping up to date with this as they have many products related to this trend. Great health benefits, such as products enabling the final consumer to control cholesterol levels. Multi-grain flake is a nother trend and potential opportunity for Bokomo. Consumers are changing their tastes towards healthier goods, and leaving behind unfashionable sugary confections. Consumers are also increasingly purchasing Branflakes as they are considered to be great for supporting a healthy digestive system. Another trend busier schedules, people are increasingly feeling they have no time to spend on having breakfast and snacks. Bokomo muesli is available to cater for the increasing demand for breakfast on the go.They offer them in bags and boxes, which facilitates the final customer to transport to their work place. This is an example of an opportunity for Bokomo because if they keep-up to date with trends, they will become more efficient and desirable for large retailers to get their products, and everyone will benefit form the sales. UK retailers are also focusing on added-value products confer value by introducing natural minerals and vitamins into firm grain wheat and making the final p roduct more healthy and nutritional. Own-label share of the business mix for large supermarket retailers. It is a main direction for Bokomo to go towards to as they can increase considerably their business operations, as the focus is now towards manufacturing own-label and branded products.Bokomo has realized the immense potential for expansion as the large retailers keep increasing the sale of this type of good. One-stop shopping, or shopping in large supermarkets were customers can find any type of product in the same building has beenbeneficial for Bokomo as these businesses are their main clients. If they increase their sales, Bokomo will also benefit from this, as they will sell them more and so increase revenue will mean increase levels of profitability.5.4.4 ThreatsThe cereal industry offers products which are considered to be relatively expensive, which can be advantageously replaced with simpler breakfast choices such as bread. The financial recession has been a main facto r for the decrease in expenditure, specially concerning families, as there are other much cheaper products to replace the cereals and cereal bars. High unemployment has make a substantial impact on the demand for such goods, adversely affecting the demand required to product those goods. Increasing levels of immigration specially in the UK, has meant that they do not have the same culinary cultures and so those breakfast products will not satisfy the needs and wants of everyone.5.0 RecommendationsWith the above analysis it is bust for the company to target smaller retailers where their own labeled products wont be affected by warlike brands like Kelloggs, and when they achieve this they should concentrate more on developing their own branded products around the UK. As mentioned above in the SWOT analysis, cereal products are considered to be expensive due to the added value apply on them so it would be better to decrease these levels of adding value and start off with lower price s, in recession periods.6.0 LimitationsBokomo website allowed us to obtain up-to-date and official information and statistics of the company. The information was limited because the company interchange themselves and emphasized on its positive aspects because they have to promote their brand to the consumers. A part from this we also used other sources including, online words about food industry, which helped us, get an un-biased view of the company and the cereal market as a whole. Thedrawback of using other sources or secondary research was that the methods used were unknown so we examined the most official and valid sources.7.0 ReferencesAskew, K. 2013. breakfast cereal Are cereal sales going soggy? Online Available at http//www.just-food.com/analysis/are-cereal-sales-in-developed-markets-going-soggy_id123417.aspx Bainbridge, J. 2010. Sector insight breakfast cereals Marketing Magazine. Online Available at http//www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/990662/sector-insight-breakfa st-cereals Bainbridge, J. 2008. Sector Insight Cereal bars Marketing Magazine. Online Available at http//www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/817580/sector-insight-cereal-bars Balchin, A. (1994) Part-time Workers in the Multiple retail Sector Small Change from commerce Protection Legislation? Employee Relations, Vol. 16 Iss 7, pp.43 57 BBC News. 2014. UK unemployment rate drops to 7.1%. Online Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25841570 BERKELEY, C. 2013. Cereal companies leverage online marketing to target children with sugary products Berkeley Media Studies Group. Online Available at http//www.bmsg.org/newsroom/news-releases/cereal-companies-leverage-online-marketing-to-target-children-with-sugary-products Bodimeade, M. 2013. UK breakfast cereals market dominated by Kelloggs and Weetabix. Online Available at http//www.companiesandmarkets.com/News/Food-and-Drink/UK-breakfast-cereals-market-dominated-by-Kelloggs-and-Weetabix/NI6602 Bokomo.co.uk. n.d. close to Bokomo . Online Available at http//bokomo.co.uk/about business concern News Daily (November 22, 2013) PEST Analysis Definition and Examples, Available at http//www.businessnewsdaily.com/5512-pest-analysis-definition-examples-templates.html Euromonitor.com. 2013. breakfast Cereals in the United Kingdom. Online Available at http//www.euromonitor.com/breakfast-cereals-in-the-united-kingdom/report Igd.com. 2013. UK Grocery Retailing. Online Available at http//www.igd.com/our-expertise/Retail/retail-outlook/3371/UK-Grocery-Retailing/ Internetretailing.net (March 18, 2014) UK retailers expected to make